[Lived experiences of night work in nurses: a phenomenological study]

Night work creates widespread and complicated problems for nurses that effect on quality of care, nurses' and clients' health, safety and ability of work force retention. The aim of this study was to discover nature and structure of nursing experiences about night work. This study has been done with phenomenological method. Data were gathered from 9 night work nurses. Sampling was initiated purposeful and continued until data saturation. Data collection has been done by deep and unstructured interviews and data interpretation has been done through Collizi method. Site triangulation, sampling with maximum variance. Member check used for assurance rigor of this study. In this study, three clusters emerged; different nature of night work, out come of night work, coping with night work: struggle with life normalization were found. Night work could effects on health of nurses, safety of patients' and health systems. Efficient management and precise planning of night work is necessary to decrease negative out comes and effective coping of nurses. Therefore, attention to major role of family and manager ins important for nurse's coping

Effect of blood glucose level changes on the formalin-induced pain in mice

The effect of blood glucose level changes induced by 24h food deprivation and intraperitoneal [IP] injection of insulin [2IU/kg] and glucose [2gr/kg] was investigated on the pain induced by intraplantar [IPL] injection of formalin [20 micro l, 5%] in mice. Blood glucose level changes were determined by blood sampling from the apex of the tail of mice. IPinjection of insulin and 24h food deprivation decreased and IP injection of glucose increased the blood glucose level. IPL injection of formalin produced a marked biphasic pain response with a quiescent phase between them. Insulin and food deprivation reduced the late [inflammatory] phase of pain. Exogenous glucose increased the quiescent phase of formalin pain. It seems that hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia may not have a role in neurogenic pain. Hypoglycemia reduces the inflammatory pain. Hyperglycemia produces hyperalgesia by increasing the pain response in the quiescent phase

[Comparing ginger with mefenamic acid and ibubrofen for the treatment of primary dusmenorrhea]

Primary dysmenorrhea is a frequent entity with known side effects on life quality. Ginger has been shown to inhibit prostaglandins, thus, the present study was designed to compare ginger with mefenamic acid and ibubrofen for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea in a group of students in dormitories affiliated to Isfahan and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. For this double-blinded clinical trial, 150 students with primary dysmenorrhea were enrolled. Subjects were matched according to dysmenorrheal severity, then, assigned in 3 equal groups of ginger [250mg], mefenamic acid [250mg], and ibubrofen [400mg] that were all prescribed 4 times a day for 3 days. Groups were matched according to the following criteria: age, age of menarche onset, weight, height, BMI, father's position, maternal occupation and level of education, regular exercise, and duration, interval and amount of menses' bleeding. Finally, verbal multidimensional scoring system was used to assess the efficacy of drugs on dysmenorrhea. ANOVA and chi square were used for data analysis. Dysmenorrheal improvement did not differ significantly among ginger [64%], mefenamic acid [58%] and ibubrofen [66%] groups. Thus, ginger is as effective as mefenamic acid and ibubrofen in alleviating dysmenorrheal symptoms. Ginger is an effective drug for alleviating primary dysmenorrheal symptoms

survey of the different concentrations of epinephrine on the volume of blood loss in septorhinoplasty under halothane anesthesia

Epinephrine usages in septoplasty and Septorhinoplasty have less hemorrhage during operation and blood loss field rule. But under general anesthesia with halothane usage of solutions, epinephrine will be with some risk. The question is which concentrations of epinephrine will be more efficacious and have less complication. This study was arranged as a clinical trial on 80 patients equally divided in four groups. In group 1 we used solution of epinephrine 1/100000 in group 2, solution of epinephrine 1/100000 with normal saline was used. In group 3 we used solution of epinephrine 1/200000 with Lidocaine 1% at last, solution of epinephrine 1/200000 with normal saline was used in the 4th group. Each of the groups included 20 patients who underwent septoplasty or Septorhinoplasty under general anesthesia with halothane. We monitored changes of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, pulse rates, volume of blood loss and any finding about dangerous dysrrhythmias such as ventricular arrhythmia. The mean percent of changes for systolic blood pressure was measured 8.46 +/- 4.59, this percent for diastolic blood pressure was measured as 10.55 +/- 5.89, and for pulse rates the mean percent of changes evaluated 7.85 +/- 4.61. In all of the groups, the percents were evaluated as less than 15% that were clinically acceptable. The mean volume of blood loss was evaluated as 73.13 +/- 30.02 milliliters. The differences were not statistically significant among the four groups. In the group 1, one case experienced an episode of ventricular tachycardia and in the second group one patient had ventricular tachycardia. Another patient showed an episode of ventricular fibrillation. Despite no statistically significant difference between group using solutions of epinephrine 1/100000 and solutions of epinephrine 1/200000 about mean percents of changes in systolic blood pressures, pulse rates and volume of blood losing, the higher concentrations of epinephrine 1/100000 raised the risk of dangerous ventricular arrhythmias, so this concentration is not recommended